2nd interstellar visitor to our solar system confirmed and named

An unusual object detected streaking across the sky last month was a comet that originated outside our solar system, observations have confirmed, becoming only the second observed interstellar object to cross into our solar system.

It has been named 2I/Borisov by the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center. And it’s anywhere between 1.2 and 10 miles in diameter, Karen Meech and her colleagues at the University of Hawaii say.

Observations by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics Group have supported that this comet has the most hyperbolic orbit out of the thousands of known comets.

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Chuck Carter/Caltech

This illustration shows a massive star on the brink of explosion.

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CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/J. da Silva

Meet the fastest asteroid in our solar system, which zips around the sun every 113 days. This artist's rendering shows the asteroid 2021 PH27 (top right) and Mercury (below) orbiting the sun.

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CXC/U.Wisc-Madison/S. Heinz et al./Pan-STARRS/NASA

A ghostly set of X-ray rings were found around a black hole with a companion star. These rings are created by light echoes.

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ALMA/ESO/NAOJ/NRAO/Benisty et al.

This image, taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array in Chile, shows the PDS 70 system 400 light-years away. This planetary system is still forming and still in the process of being formed. One of the planets in the system has a moon-forming disk around it.

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NASA/STSCI/J. Depasquale; Las Cumbres Observatory

This image shows supernova 2018zd (pictured as the large white dot on the right), a new type of supernova called an electron capture. To the left is the galaxy NGC 2146.

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From Northwestern University/UT Austin

This image from the STARFORGE simulation shows the "Anvil of Creation," a giant gas cloud with individual stars forming inside of it.

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T. Sato et al./RIKEN/CXC/NASA

Astronomers used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to study the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A and discovered titanium, shown in light blue, blasting out of it. The colors represent other elements detected, like iron (orange), oxygen (purple), silicon (red) and magnesium (green).

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European Southern Observatory

The supermassive black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, the first to ever be imaged, can now be seen in polarized light. Swirling lines reveal the magnetic field near the edge of the black hole.

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Sloan Digital Sky Survey

This image from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey shows the galaxy J0437+2456, which includes a supermassive black hole at its center that appears to be moving.

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M. Kornmesser/European Southern Observatory

This artist's impression shows how the distant quasar P172+18 and its radio jets may have looked 13 billion years ago. The light from the quasar has taken that long to reach us, so astronomers observed the quasar as it looked in the early universe.

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Anirudh Chiti/MIT

This image shows the vicinity of the Tucana II ultrafaint dwarf galaxy, captured by the SkyMapper telescope.

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I. Heywood/Oxford/Rhodes/SARAO

These images show two giant radio galaxies found with using the MeerKAT telescope. The red in both images shows the radio light being emitted by the galaxies against a background of the sky as it is seen in visible light.

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NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/J. da Silva

This artist's conception of quasar J0313-1806 depicts it as it was 670 million years after the Big Bang. Quasars are highly energetic objects at the centers of galaxies, powered by black holes and brighter than entire galaxies.

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Zolt Levay/Space Telescope Science Institute

Shown here is a phenomenon known as zodiacal light, which is caused by sunlight reflecting off tiny dust particles in the inner solar system.

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M. Kornmesser/ESO

This artist's impression of the distant galaxy ID2299 shows some of its gas being ejected by a "tidal tail" as a result of a merger between two galaxies.

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Laurent Chemin/ESA/Gaia/DPAC

This diagram shows the two most important companion galaxies to the Milky Way: the Large Magellanic Cloud (left) and the Small Magellanic Cloud. It was made using data from the European Space Agency Gaia satellite.

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NASA/JPL-Caltech/M. Seibert/K. Hoadley/GALEX Team

The Blue Ring Nebula is thought to be a never-before-seen phase that occurs after the merger of two stars. Debris flowing out from the merger was sliced by a disk around one of the stars, creating two cones of material glowing in ultraviolet light.

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ESO/M. Montargès et al.

The red supergiant star Betelgeuse, in the constellation of Orion, experienced unprecedented dimming late in 2019. This image was taken in January using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope.

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European Southern Observatory

This is an infrared image of Apep, a Wolf-Rayet star binary system located 8,000 light-years from Earth.

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ESO/L. Calçada, Exeter/Kraus et al.

An artist's illustration, left, helps visualize the details of an unusual star system, GW Orionis, in the Orion constellation. The system's circumstellar disk is broken, resulting in misaligned rings around its three stars.

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N. Fischer, H. Pfeiffer, A. Buonanno, MPIGP, SXS Collaboration

This is a simulation of two spiral black holes that merge and emit gravitational waves.

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ESO, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser

This artist's illustration shows the unexpected dimming of the star Betelgeuse.

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Rizzo et al./ALMA/European Southern Observatory

This extremely distant galaxy, which looks similar to our own Milky Way, appears like a ring of light.

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Aaron M. Geller, Northwestern University

This artist's interpretation shows the calcium-rich supernova 2019ehk. The orange represents the calcium-rich material created in the explosion. Purple reveals gas shed by the star right before the explosion.

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Northwestern University

The blue dot at the center of this image marks the approximate location of a supernova event which occurred 140 million light-years from Earth, where a white dwarf exploded and created an ultraviolet flash. It was located close to tail of the Draco constellation.

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From NASA/JPL

This radar image captured by NASA's Magellan mission to Venus in 1991 shows a corona, a large circular structure 120 miles in diameter, named Aine Corona.

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Mark Garlick/University of Warwick

When a star's mass is ejected during a supernova, it expands quickly. Eventually, it will slow and form a hot bubble of glowing gas. A white dwarf will emerge from this gas bubble and move across the galaxy.

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International Gemini Observatory/K. Paterson/W. Fong/Northwestern University

The afterglow of short gamma ray burst that was detected 10 billion light-years away is shown here in a circle. This image was taken by the Gemini-North telescope.

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Hubble Space Telescope/NASA/ESA/M. Stiavelli

This Hubble Space Telescope image shows NGC 7513, a barred spiral galaxy 60 million light-years away. Due to the expansion of the universe, the galaxy appears to be moving away from the Milky Way at an accelerate rate.

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L. Calçada/ESO

This artist's concept illustration shows what the luminous blue variable star in the Kinman Dwarf galaxy may have looked like before it mysteriously disappeared.

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Robert Hurt/California Institute of Technology

This is an artist's illustration of a supermassive black hole and its surrounding disk of gas. Inside this disk are two smaller black holes orbiting one another. Researchers identified a flare of light suspected to have come from one such binary pair soon after they merged into a larger black hole.

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Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics/Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes (SXS) Collaboration

This image, taken from a video, shows what happens as two objects of different masses merge together and create gravitational waves.

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Kristi Mickaliger

This is an artist's impression showing the detection of a repeating fast radio burst seen in blue, which is in orbit with an astrophysical object seen in pink.

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ICRAR

Fast radio bursts, which make a splash by leaving their host galaxy in a bright burst of radio waves, helped detect "missing matter" in the universe.

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Giacomo Terreran/Northwestern University

A new type of explosion was found in a tiny galaxy 500 million light-years away from Earth. This type of explosion is referred to as a fast blue optical transient.

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James Josephides/Swinburne Astronomy Productions

Astronomers have discovered a rare type of galaxy described as a "cosmic ring of fire." This artist's illustration shows the galaxy as it existed 11 billion years ago.

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NRAO/AUI/NSF, S. Dagnello

This is an artist's impression of the Wolfe Disk, a massive rotating disk galaxy in the early universe.

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ESO/Boccaletti et al.

A bright yellow "twist" near the center of this image shows where a planet may be forming around the AB Aurigae star. The image was captured by the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope.

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European Southern Observatory/ESO/L. Calçada

This artist's illustration shows the orbits of two stars and an invisible black hole 1,000 light-years from Earth. This system includes one star (small orbit seen in blue) orbiting a newly discovered black hole (orbit in red), as well as a third star in a wider orbit (also in blue).

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NASA/CXO/CSIC-INTA/G.Miniutti et al./CXC/M. Weiss

This illustration shows a star's core, known as a white dwarf, pulled into orbit around a black hole. During each orbit, the black hole rips off more material from the star and pulls it into a glowing disk of material around the black hole. Before its encounter with the black hole, the star was a red giant in the last stages of stellar evolution.

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M. Kornmesser/ESA/NASA

This artist's illustration shows the collision of two 125-mile-wide icy, dusty bodies orbiting the bright star Fomalhaut, located 25 light-years away. The observation of the aftermath of this collision was once thought to be an exoplanet.

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NRAO/AUI/NSF/S. Dagnello

This is an artist's impression of the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov as it travels through our solar system. New observations detected carbon monixide in the cometary tail as the sun heated the comet.

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European Southern Observatory/ESO/L. Calçada

This rosette pattern is the orbit of a star, called S2, around the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.

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M. Weiss/Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian

This is an artist's illustration of SN2016aps, which astronomers believe is the brightest supernova ever observed.

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Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF

This is an artist's illustration of a brown dwarf, or a "failed star" object, and its magnetic field. The brown dwarf's atmosphere and magnetic field rotate at different speeds, which allowed astronomers to determine wind speed on the object.

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M. Kornmesser/ESA/Hubble

This artist's illustration shows an intermediate-mass black hole tearing into a star.

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Gabriel Pérez Díaz/Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands

This is an artist's impression of a large star known as HD74423 and its much smaller red dwarf companion in a binary star system. The large star appears to pulsate on one side only, and it's being distorted by the gravitational pull of its companion star into a teardrop shape.

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University of Warwick/Mark Garlick

This is an artist's impression of two white dwarfs in the process of merging. While astronomers expected that this might cause a supernova, they have found an instance of two white dwarf stars that survived merging.

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S. Giacintucci, et al./NRL/CXC/NASA

A combination of space and ground-based telescopes have found evidence for the biggest explosion seen in the universe. The explosion was created by a black hole located in the Ophiuchus cluster's central galaxy, which has blasted out jets and carved a large cavity in the surrounding hot gas.

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ESO/NAOJ/NRAO/ALMA

This new ALMA image shows the outcome of a stellar fight: a complex and stunning gas environment surrounding the binary star system HD101584.

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JPL-Caltech/NASA

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope captured the Tarantula Nebula in two wavelengths of infrared light. The red represents hot gas, while the blue regions are interstellar dust.

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NASA/L. Hustak

A white dwarf, left, is pulling material off of a brown dwarf, right, about 3,000 light-years from Earth.

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Anna Ciurlo/Tuan Do/UCLA Galactic Center Group

This image shows the orbits of the six G objects at the center of our galaxy, with the supermassive black hole indicated with a white cross. Stars, gas and dust are in the background.

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NASA/W. Sparks (STScI)/R. Sahai

After stars die, they expel their particles out into space, which form new stars in turn. In one case, stardust became embedded in a meteorite that fell to Earth. This illustration shows that stardust could flow from sources like the Egg Nebula to create the grains recovered from the meteorite, which landed in Australia.

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NASA

The former North Star, Alpha Draconis or Thuban, is circled here in an image of the northern sky.

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NASA/ESA/B. Holwerda (University of Louisville)

Galaxy UGC 2885, nicknamed the "Godzilla galaxy," may be the largest one in the local universe.

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Danielle Futselaar/artsource.nl

The host galaxy of a newly traced repeating fast radio burst acquired with the 8-meter Gemini-North telescope.

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“The orbit is now sufficiently well known, and the object is unambiguously interstellar in origin,” according to a release by the IAU, which has designated the object as the second interstellar object, 2I.

It first was spotted on August 30, almost two years after the first interstellar visitor detected in our solar system, known as ’Oumuamua, was found in October 2017. Interstellar means that the object originated outside our solar system.

A photo illustration shows the first interstellar asteroid: `Oumuamua. This unique object was discovered on 19 October 2017 by the Pan-STARRS 1 telescope in Hawai`i. Subsequent observations from ESO's Very Large Telescope in Chile and other observatories around the world show that it was travelling through space for millions of years before its chance encounter with our star system. `Oumuamua seems to be a dark red highly-elongated metallic or rocky object, about 400 metres long, and is unlike anything normally found in the Solar System.

This interstellar visitor was not an alien spacecraft, researchers say

Gennady Borisov spotted a new comet while at the MARGO observatory in Crimea. The amateur astronomer used a 0.65-meter telescope he built and saw something that resembled a comet with a short tail.

After this initial observation, the Scout system at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory also flagged the object as possibly originating outside our solar system. Scout assesses recently found objects from the Minor Planet Center for hazards and potential trajectories.

These are images of 2015 BZ509 obtained at the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory (LBTO) that established its retrograde co-orbital nature. The bright stars and the asteroid (circled in yellow) appear black and the sky white in this negative image.

This object isn't supposed to be in our solar system

Follow-up observations of the comet were made, including by Davide Farnocchia at NASA’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies and by the European Space Agency’s Near-Earth Object Coordination Center.

And we’ll get a chance to know the comet better soon. It’s due to enter the inner part of our solar system on October 26. To look at it right now through telescopes from Earth, the comet appears close to the sun. It will be visible through professional telescopes for months.

The comet is making its way toward our sun and is now 260 million miles away. It will get closest to Earth – 190 million miles – on December 8.

“The comet’s current velocity is high, about 93,000 mph, which is well above the typical velocities of objects orbiting the Sun at that distance,” Farnocchia said. “The high velocity indicates not only that the object likely originated outside our solar system but also that it will leave and head back to interstellar space.”

A meteor from another solar system may have hit Earth, and the implications are fascinating

The object was designated as a comet because it appears fuzzy. Comets tend to look fuzzy because they’re icy and release dust and particles as they heat up on approach to the sun.

’Oumuamua only had a quick visit with us in 2017. This comet’s stay should be a bit longer.

“The object will peak in brightness in mid-December and continue to be observable with moderate-size telescopes until April 2020,” Farnocchia said. “After that, it will only be observable with larger professional telescopes through October 2020.”

Future observations will shed more light on its size, rotation and path.

A new detection about our visitor

This week, astronomers announced that they were able to detect gas molecules from the interstellar comet. That’s the first instance of making a detection of this kind of material in an object that originated outside of our solar system.

This detection could help scientists understand the makeup of these objects compared to those in our solar system.

“For the first time we are able to accurately measure what an interstellar visitor is made of, and compare it with our own Solar system,” said Alan Fitzsimmons, professor at Queen’s University Belfast’s Astrophysics Research Center.

Fitzsimmons and an international team of researchers used the the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma in the Canary Islands to make the detection last Friday. They were able to spot it low in the morning sky and measure the comet’s light.

“A spectrum allows us to detect individual types of gas by their spectral fingerprints. We received the data at midday and by 5 pm that evening we knew we had successfully detected gas for the first time,” Fitzsimmons said.

The gas they detected is called cyanogen. It’s common in comets, but would be toxic if we inhaled it. The gas is made of carbon and nitrogen atoms bonded together.

The new detections show that the comet looks very similar to comets in our own solar system.

“The next year is going to be extremely exciting, as we will be able to follow 2I’s evolution as it zooms through our Solar System,” said Oliver Hainaut at the European Southern Observatory.