Story highlights
In a first, International Criminal Court lists destroying cultural artifacts as a war crime
The city of Timbuktu in Mali is a UNESCO World Heritage site founded in fifth century
CNN
—
In a historic first, the International Criminal Court has classified destroying cultural artifacts as a war crime.
It follows the trial of jihadist Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi, who pleaded guilty Monday to destroying religious monuments in the ancient city of Timbuktu in Mali.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Oleg Nikishin/Getty Images
Great Mosque of Samarra —
Once the largest mosques in the world, built in the 9th century on the Tigris River north of Baghdad. The mosque is famous for the Malwiya Tower, a 52-meter minaret with spiraling ramps for worshipers to climb. The site was bombed in 2005, in an insurgent attack on a NATO position, destroying the top of the minaret and surrounding walls.Video: ISIS targets historical artifacts
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Getty Images
Palmyra, Syria —
An "oasis in the Syrian desert" according to UNESCO, this Aramaic city has stood since the second millennium BC and featured some of the most advanced architecture of the period. The site subsequently evolved through Greco-Roman and Persian periods, providing unique historic insight into those cultures. ISIS now controls the ancient city and has destroyed shrines, temples and monuments.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Getty Images
The Buddhas of Bamiyan, Afghanistan —
The most spectacular legacy of Buddhism in the war-torn country, among the tallest standing Buddhas in the world -- the larger at 53 meters, the other 35 -- had survived over 1,500 years since being carved out of sandstone. The Taliban considered the monuments idolatrous and destroyed them with dynamite.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Alex Potter
Sanaa old city, Yemen —
Yemen's capital city of Sanaa has seen several suicide bombings for which ISIS claimed responsibility, and air strikes by the Saudi-led coalition -- although it is unclear who is responsible to the latest damage. These have affected both the old fortified city -- inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List since 1986 -- and the archaeological site of the pre-Islamic walled city of Baraqish, causing "severe damage," according to UNESCO itself.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Fulvio Spada, CC BY-SA 2.0
The ancient city of Bosra, Syria —
Continually inhabited for 2,500 years, and became the capital of the Romans' Arabian empire. The centerpiece is a magnificent Roman theater dating back to the second century that survived intact until the current conflict. Archaeologists have revealed the site is now severely damaged from mortar shelling.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Michael Nicholson/Corbis Historical/Corbis via Getty Images
The Great Mosque of Aleppo, Syria —
A world heritage site originally built in 715 by the Umayyad dynasty, ranking it among the oldest mosques in the world. The epic structure evolved through successive eras, gaining its famous minaret in the late 11th century. This was reduced to rubble in the Syrian civil war in 2013, along with serious damage to the walls and courtyard, which historians have described as the worst ever damage to Syrian heritage.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
WIKI COMMONS
Norias of Hama, Syria —
These 20-meter wide water wheels were first documented in the 5th century, representing an ingenious early irrigation system. Seventeen of the wooden norias (a machine for lifting water into an aqueduct) survived to present day and became Hama's primary tourist attraction, noted for their groaning sounds as they turned. Heritage experts documented several wheels being burned by fighters in 2014.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Courtesy Guillaume Piolle/CC-BY-3.0
Citadel of Aleppo, Syria —
The fortress spans at least four millennia, from the days of Alexander the Great, through Roman, Mongol, and Ottoman rule. The site has barely changed since the 16th century and is one of Syria's most popular World Heritage sites. The citadel has been used as an army base in recent fighting and several of its historic buildings have been destroyed.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Getty Images
Aleppo Souk, Syria —
The covered markets in the Old City are a famous trade center for the region's finest produce, with dedicated sub-souks for fabrics, food, or accessories. The tunnels became the scene of fierce fighting and many of the oldest are now damaged beyond recognition, which Unesco has described as a tragedy.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Leber/ullstein bild via Getty Images
Deir Ez-zor bridge, Syria —
This French-built suspension bridge was a popular pedestrian crossing and vantage point for its views of the Euphrates River. It became a key supply line in a battle for the city, and collapsed under shelling. Deir Ez-zor's Siyasiyeh Bridge was also destroyed.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Flickr Commons
Nimrud, Iraq —
The ancient Assyrian city around Nineveh Province, Iraq was home to countless treasures of the empire, including statues, monuments and jewels. Following the 2003 invasion the site has been devastated by looting, with many of the stolen pieces finding homes in museums abroad.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Courtesy Joris Rietbroek
Crac des Chevaliers, Syria —
The Crusader castle from the 11th century survived centuries of battles and natural disasters, becoming a World Heritage site in 2006 along with the adjacent castle of Qal'at Salah El-Din. The walls were severely damaged by regime airstrikes and artillery in 2013, and rebels took positions within it.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Irqai Cultural center
Jonah's Tomb, Iraq —
The purported resting place of biblical prophet Jonah, along with a tooth believed to be from the whale that consumed him. The site dated to the 8th century BC, and was of great importance to Christian and Muslim faiths. It was entirely blown up by ISIS militants in 2014 as part of their campaign against perceived apostasy.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
WIKI COMMONS
Khaled Ibn Walid Mosque, Syria —
Among Syria's most famous Ottoman-style mosques, which also shows Mamluk influence through its light and dark contrasts. The vast site became a hub of the battle for Homs, itself a front-line of the conflict. The sacred mausoleum has been completely destroyed, and much of the interiors burned.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
wiki commons
Armenian genocide museum, Syria —
Memorial site to the 1.5 million killed between 1915 and 1923, the Deir Ez-zor became a yearly destination for pilgrims from around the world. The site included a church, museum, and fire that burned continuously. The complex was destroyed by ISIS in 2014.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Getty Images
Cyrene, Libya —
A key city for the Greeks and Romans, established in 630 BC. Famed as the basis for enduring myths and legends, such as that of the huntress heroine of the same name and bride of Apollo. The ruins were some of the best preserved from that period, but in the wake of Libya's revolution, vast tracts have been bulldozed including its unique necropolis complex.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Courtesy B.O'Kane / Alamy
Museum of Islamic Art, Egypt —
Home to one of the world's most impressive collections, with over 100,000 pieces that cover the entirety of Islamic history. The Cairo site was first built in 1881, the museum recently underwent an eight-year multi-million dollar renovation. Shortly after re-opening, a car bomb targeting a nearby police building caused catastrophic damage and forced the museum to close again.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Wiki commons
Quaid e Azam residency, Pakistan —
This 121-year-old wooden building, humble but elegant, was home to the nation's first governor general Muhammed Ali Jinnah for the last phase of his life. The residency was attacked with rocket fire by a separatist group in 2013, and almost completely demolished. A new structure is being built on the site.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
Courtesy Charles Cushman Collection, Indiana University Archives
'Old Beirut', Lebanon —
A 15-year civil war of incredible brutality, successive battles with Israel, and sweeping urban development has robbed the 'Paris of the Middle East' of much of its visual lustre. Once known for its landscape of swaggering Ottoman, French and Art Deco architecture, officials say just 400 of 1200 protected historic buildings remain.
Photos: Precious monuments lost in Middle East
AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images/Irqai Military
The Great mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul —
Before-and-after photographs of the destruction. The US and ISIS trade blame for its loss.
“I’m willing to accept the judgment of the chamber, but I will do so with pain and a broken heart,” Mahdi told the court Monday.
Mahdi, also known as “Abou Tourab,” was charged in March in the attacks between June and July 2012. He is believed to be a member of the al Qaeda-affiliated Ansar Dine in Mali, which oversaw the ransacking of the city, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
“Such attacks affect humanity as a whole. We must stand up to the destruction and defacing of our common heritage,” prosecutor Fatou Bensouda said in September.
Man faces war crimes charges for destroying Timbuktu monuments
The maximum sentence that Mahdi could face is 30 years.
“It is also my hope that the years I will spend in prison will be source to purge the evil spirit that took me and I will keep my hopes high that the people will be able to forgive me,” Mahdi said at his trial.
“I would like to give a piece of advice to the Muslims in the world not to get involved in the kind of acts that I did because it will give no good to humanity.”
Islamist attacks on historic sites
Like ISIS, which has laid waste to the ancient cities of Nimrud and Palmyra in the Middle East, Ansar Dine declared it would establish an Islamist state and enforce strict Sharia law with little room for cultural or religious tolerance. As a result, the terrorist groups have attacked ancient historic monuments and religious shrines.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
DEA/G.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images
Before: The ruins of the 2,000-year-old Temple of Baalshamin are seen in Palmyra, Syria, in 2007. The ISIS militant group took over the ancient city last year and razed parts of its World Heritage Site. Syrian government forces recaptured the ancient city from the terror group in March 2016. Click through to see the landmarks before and after ISIS' occupation.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
Valery Sharifulin\TASS via Getty Images
After: A Syrian government soldier walks near what's left of the Temple of Baalshamin on Sunday, March 27. Syrian forces retook the city days before, but damage had already been done by ISIS. UNESCO says it plans to evaluate the extent of Palmyra's damage soon. Many of the structures -- which date from the first and second centuries and marry Greco-Roman techniques with local traditions and Persian influences -- remain in place, bolstering hopes that ISIS didn't completely raze the world heritage site.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
Raphael GAILLARDE/GAMMA/Getty Images
Before: The Arch of Triumph in 2006.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
Valery Sharifulin\TASS via Getty Images
After: The Arch of Triumph on March 27.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
DEA/C. SAPPA/De Agostini/Getty Images
Before: The Temple of Bel in 2008.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
Valery Sharifulin\TASS via Getty Images
After: The Temple of Bel on March 27.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
Destroyed statues are seen inside the damaged Palmyra Museum on March 27.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
Many statues in the museum had their faces chipped off -- in keeping with strict Sharia interpretations of the depiction of human forms.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
Before ISIS invaded, authorities took what they could from the museum. But larger items and those fixed to walls had to be left behind.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
Destroyed statues inside the Palmyra Museum.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
The Syrian directorate-general of antiquities and monuments was positive that the condition of artifacts meant that they could be restored and their "historic value" returned, according to a translation of an article on the department's website.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
ISIS took over Palmyra in May.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
By June, ISIS began destroying historical sites.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
Damage inside the Palmyra Museum.
Photos: How ISIS ravaged Palmyra's world treasures
SANA via AP
Palmyra was a caravan oasis when Romans overtook it in the mid-first century. In the centuries that followed, the area "stood at the crossroads of several civilizations" with its art and architecture mixing Greek, Roman and Persian influences, according to UNESCO.
Timbuktu’s treasure trove
Using pickaxes and iron bars, Ansar Dine destroyed tombs of historic religious figures as well as institutions housing documents from the Middle Ages in Timbuktu.
Seven mausoleums on the UNESCO World Heritage site were targeted in the attack.
Founded in the fifth century, Timbuktu rose to prominence in the 15th and 16th centuries as a center of Islamic learning and helped the spread of Islam across Africa.
CNN’s Margot Haddad, Sheena McKenzie and Radina Gigova contributed to this report.