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High Performance Computers

footnotes

 

Endnotes

1 Background Paper on High Performance Computers to Countries of Concern, Defense Department, November 19, 1998.

2 Ibid.

3 Memorandum for the Record by Paul Koenig, Defense Technical Security Administration, August 24, 1995.

4 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, Peter Wolcott, Patrick Homer, May 1998.

5 "Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196.

6 Memorandum for the Record by Paul Koenig, Defense Technical Security Administration, August 24, 1995.

7 Interview of Dr. David Kahaner, October 19, 1998.

8 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, Peter Wolcott, Grey Burkhart, Center for International Security and Arms Control, Stanford University, November 1995.

9 Ibid.

10 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command Memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ser: 444-98, November 9, 1998.

15 "PR China: System Simulation Activities," Asian Technology Information Program, December 24, 1992.

16 "Chinese Prove To Be Attentive Students of Information Warfare," Janeís Intelligence Review, October 1997.

17 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.; "Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196.

18 Department of Energy, Office of Intelligence, Technical Intelligence Note on Computers, Nuclear Weapons, and U.S. Security, May 6, 1998.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 "Export Controls and China," briefing prepared for the House Committee on Commerce by Dr. Thomas L. Cook, Los Alamos National Laboratory, September 17, 1998.

22 Testimony of Notra Trulock.

23 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

24 "Export Controls and China," briefing prepared for the House Committee on Commerce by Dr. Thomas L. Cook, Los Alamos National Laboratory, September 17, 1998.

25 Testimony of Dr. Thomas L. Cook, Los Alamos National Laboratory, December 16, 1998.

26 "Export Controls and China," briefing prepared for the House Committee on Commerce by Dr. Thomas L. Cook, Los Alamos National Laboratory, September 17, 1998.

27 Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command Memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ser: 444-98, November 9, 1998.

28 "Export Controls and China," briefing prepared for the House Committee on Commerce by Dr. Thomas L. Cook, Los Alamos National Laboratory, September 17, 1998.

29 Department of Energy, Office of Intelligence, Technical Intelligence Note on Computers, Nuclear Weapons, and U.S. Security, May 6, 1998.

30 Department of Energy, Office of Intelligence, Technical Intelligence Note on Computers, Nuclear Weapons, and U.S. Security, May 6, 1998, Attachment.

31 "Export Controls and China," briefing prepared for the House Committee on Commerce by Dr. Thomas L. Cook, Los Alamos National Laboratory, September 17, 1998.

32 "Key Projects in Chinaís Computerization," Asian Technology Information Program report 98.048.

33 "PR China: System Simulation Activities," Asian Technology Information Program, December 24, 1992.

34 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

35 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

36 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

37 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

38 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

39 Ibid.

40 "Information Warfare Grips China," Janeís Intelligence Review.

41 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the l990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

42 "Information Warfare Grips China," Janeís Intelligence Review.

43 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the l990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

44 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

45 "The Militarily Critical Technologies List Part I: Weapons Systems Technologies," June 1996, Department of Defense, p. 8-7, Background Paper on High Performance Computers to Countries of Concern, Defense Intelligence Agency, November 19, 1998, cover letter to the Honorable Floyd Spence.

46 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

47 Advanced Computing Technologies in China, March 24, 1998, Asian Technology Information Project report #ATIP98.022, Book #1, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project.

48 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

49 Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command Memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ser: 444-98, November 9, 1998.

50 "The Militarily Critical Technologies List Part I: Weapons Systems Technologies," June 1996, Department of Defense, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command Memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ser: 444-98, November 9, 1998.

51 Advanced Computing Technologies in China, March 24, 1998, Asian Technology Information Project report #ATIP98.022, Book #1, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project.

52 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid.

55 "Chinese Prove To Be Attentive Students of Information Warfare," Janeís Intelligence Review, October 1997.

56 "Quicklook Report for Military Trends Workshop," Strategic Assessment Center, Science Applications International Corporation, June 8, 1998.

57 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.; "Information Warfare Grips China," Janeís Intelligence Review.

58 Memorandum for the Record, Joint Investigative Staff Visit to the Mitre Corporation, Bedford, MA, October 6, 1988.

59 "Chinese Prove To Be Attentive Students of Information Warfare," Janeís Intelligence Review, October 1997; "Information Warfare Grips China," Janeís Intelligence Review.

60 "Chinese Prove To Be Attentive Students of Information Warfare," Janeís Intelligence Review, October 1997.

61 Ibid.

62 "Information Warfare Grips China," Janeís Intelligence Review.

63 Advanced Computing Technologies in China, March 24, 1998, Asian Technology Information Project report #ATIP98.022, Book #1, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project.

64 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

65 Ibid.

66 Ibid.

67 Ibid.

68 Advanced Computing Technologies in China, March 24, 1998, Asian Technology Information Project report #ATIP98.022, Book #1, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project.

69 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

70 "Quicklook Report for Military Trends Workshop," Strategic Assessment Center, Science Applications International Corporation, June 8, 1998.

71 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

72 "Quicklook Report for Military Trends Workshop," Strategic Assessment Center, Science Applications International Corporation, June 8, 1998.

73 Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command Memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ser: 444-98, November 9, 1998.

74 Export Administration Annual Report Fiscal Year 1991.

75 "Export Control on Supercomputers," Federal Register, May 18, 1992, Vol. 57, No. 96.

76 "Toward a National Export Strategy," Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee report, September 30, 1993, Chapter 5.

77 Export Administration Annual Report 1995 and 1996 on Foreign Policy Export Controls.

78 Federal Register, February 24, 1994.

79 Federal Register, April 4, 1994.

80 Code of Federal Regulations, p. 349-356.

81 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

82 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

83 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

84 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

85 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

86 Ibid.

87 Ibid.

88 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

89 U.S. General Accounting Office staff interview of Paul Koenig et. al., November 24, 1997, and February 19, 1998.

90 Defense internal memorandum for the record from Paul Koening on "Supercomputing Study," August 24, 1995, and U.S. General Accounting Office staff interview of Paul Koenig, et.al., November 24, 1997.

91 "High Performance Computing Technical Assessment, Summary Report Findings," Institute for Defense Analyses, Technology Identification & Analyses Center, Prepared for: Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Dual-Use Technology Policy & International Programs), August 1995.

92 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

93 U.S. General Accounting Office staff interview of Oksana Nesterczuk, July 21, 1998.

94 "Supercomputer Technology Status and Trends Over the Next Two Years," June 2, 1995; "Global Supercomputer Industry and Market Assessment," Department of Commerce, Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security, Economic Analysis Division, June 2, 1995.

95 U.S. General Accounting Office staff interview of Defense Technology Security Administration officials, November 23, 1997.

96 U.S. General Accounting Office staff interview of Defense Technology Security Administration officials, February 19, 1998.

97 Defense internal memorandum for the record from Paul Koening on "Supercomputing Study," August 24, 1995.

98 Ibid.

99 "High Performance Computing Technical Assessment, Summary Report Findings," Institute for Defense Analyses, Technology Identification & Analyses Center, Prepared for: Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Dual-Use Technology Policy & International Programs), August 1995.

100 Ibid.

101 Ibid.

102 Bandwidth (through-put) and latency (transmission delay) are crucial parameters of the interconnect between processors. The lower the bandwidth, the higher the latency, and the less scalable the interconnect, the more of a bottleneck the interconnect becomes. The more the interconnect is a bottleneck, the more "coarsely grained" an application must be to run effectively on the system. See "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

103 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

104 U.S. General Accounting Office staff interview of Institute for Defense Analyses and Office of the Secretary of Defense officials and written response.

105 Ibid.

106 U.S. General Accounting Office staff interview of Defense Technology Security Administration officials, July 21, 1998.

107 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

108 Ibid.

109 Interview of Mitchel Wallerstein, November 25, 1998.

110 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

111 Export Administration Regulations, January 25, 1996.

112 Ibid.

113 Ibid.

114 Ibid.

115 Ibid.

116 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Supplement No. 1 to Part 774.

117 Ibid.

118 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Supplement No. 1 to Part 774, Part 740.7.

119 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Supplement No. 1 to Part 774, Part 740.7, "Computers (CTP)."

120 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Supplement No. 1 to Part 742.12, Part 742.12, "High Performance Computers.íí

121 Ibid.

122 Ibid.

123 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Part 744, "Control Policy: End-User and End-Use Based."

124 Ibid.

125 Ibid.

126 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Part 772.

127 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Legal Authority, Section 12, "Enforcement," April 1998.

128 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

129 Ibid.

130 Interview of Will Lowell, November 19, 1998; International Traffic in Arms Regulations, Section 120.

131 Ibid.

132 Ibid.

133 Ibid.

134 End-use screening is the process exporters follow to evaluate whether a transaction involves an unacceptable risk of use in, or diversion to, a proliferator or military end user. "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

135 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

136 Export Administration Regulations, April 1998, Part 744, "Control Policy: End-User and End-Use Based."

137 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

138 Public Law 105-85.

139 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

140 Department of Defense Study, November 19, 1998, Enclosure 7, "Expected Developments."

141 Ibid.

142 Ibid.

143 Ibid.

144 Ibid.

145 Ibid.

146 PSVs are on-site visits, generally by U.S. government officials, to locations where goods are shipped for the purpose of ensuring that they have not been diverted to other locations. ("Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.)

147 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

148 Ibid.

149 Arrangement between the United States and China for end-use visits.

150 Ibid..

151 Interview of Iain S. Baird, November 17, 1998.

152 Response to Committee questions from William Reinsch, James Lewis, and Mark Menefee, November 17, 1998.

153 Interview of William Reinsch, November 19, 1998.

154 Ibid.

155 "Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls," GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

156 Ibid.

157 Ibid.

158 Ibid.

159 Ibid.

160 U.S. General Accounting Office Staff Summary of Sun Microsystems HPC diversion, April 1998.

161 Ibid.

162 Ibid.

163 Ibid.

164 Ibid.

165 Ibid.

166 Ibid.

167 Ibid.

168 Export Administration Annual Report, Export Enforcement, March 1998.

169 Ibid.

170 Ibid.

171 Ibid.

172 Export Controls: Information on the Decision to Revise High Performance Computer Controls, GAO/NSIAD-98-196, September 16, 1998.

173 Memorandum for the Record, "Report on National Lab Briefings of September 28 and 29, 1998," Joint Staff, October 2, 1998.

174 Ibid.

175 The military uses are the design or development of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons; the design or development of weapons of mass destruction; the design or development of missile or rocket systems; and any cryptoanalytic or cryptographic purpose.

176 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.; Advanced Computing Technologies in China, March 24, 1998, Asian Technology Information Project report #ATIP98.022, Book #1, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project.

177 Ibid.

178 "Computers in China/Korea/Hong Kong, ATIP, 97.048," Asian Technology Information Project Selected Reports, Book #1.

179 "U.S. Technology Transfers to the Peopleís Republic of China," by Kathleen Walsh, DFI International, dated December, 1997. This report was produced at the request of the Commerce Departmentís Bureau of Export Administration. It was the first in a series of studies into technology transfers to the PRC commissioned by BXA.

180 "Computers in China/Korea/Hong Kong, ATIP, 97.048," page 10, Asian Technology Information Project Selected Reports, Book #1.

181 Ibid.

182 "U.S. Technology Transfers to the Peopleís Republic of China," by Kathleen Walsh, DFI International, dated December, 1997. This report was produced at the request of the Commerce Departmentís Bureau of Export Administration. It was the first in a series of studies into technology transfers to the PRC commissioned by BXA.

183 "Computers in China/Korea/Hong Kong, ATIP, 97.048," Asian Technology Information Project Selected Reports, Book #1.

184 Ibid.

185 Ibid.

186 Advanced Computing Technologies in China, March 24, 1998, Asian Technology Information Project report #ATIP98.022, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project, Book #1.

187 Ibid.

188 "High Performance Computing (HPC) in Japan (1)," May 16, 1997, Asian Technology Information Project report # ATIP97.044, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project, Book #1.

189 Commerce Department, Bureau of Export Administrationís Export Control Automated Support System (ECASS).

190 Ibid.

191 These notifications included three machines for Hong Kong, a Tier 2 country, that did not need to be reported under the 1998 notification regulations. Their total value was about $256,000. Commerce Department, Bureau of Export Administrationís Export Control Automated Support System (ECASS).

192 Commerce Department, Bureau of Export Administrationís Export Control Automated Support System (ECASS).

193 Advanced Computing Technologies in China, March 24, 1998, Asian Technology Information Project report #ATIP98.022, Book #1, Selected Reports of Asian Technology Information Project.

194 "Computers in China/Korea/Hong Kong, ATIP, 97.048," page 10, Asian Technology Information Project Selected Reports, Book #1.

195 Three HPC exports for Hong Kong were included in the data for China.

196 "Computers in China/Korea/Hong Kong, ATIP, 97.048," Asian Technology Information Project Selected Reports, Book #1.

197 Ibid.

198 Michael Evans, a computer programmer for the Federal Bureau of Investigation with 13 years private sector programming experience, and 3 years criminal investigative experience regarding computer crimes, Memorandum For the Record dated, December 15, 1998.

199 "Arms Proliferation Policy, Support to the Presidential Advisory Board," RAND, 1996.

200 Ibid.

201 Ibid.

202 Ibid.

203 Ibid.

204 Ibid.

205 Interview of Bob Nesbit, October 6, 1998.

 

 

Technical Afterword Endnotes

1 "The Round Table on Computer Performance Metrics for Export Control: Discussions and Results," Alfred E. Brenner, Task leader, and Norman R. Howes. Document of the Institute For Defense Analyses, December 1997. IDA Document D-2116.

2 "NHSE Review 1996 Volume," 1996, Aad J. van der Steen and Jack J. Dongarra.

3 "Practical Parallel Computing (Physics 500)," Lecture Series, University of New Mexico, Fall 1995, Dr. Michael Warren.

4 Memorandum for the Record, Joint Staff Interview of Dr. David Kahaner, October 19, 1998.

5 Ibid.

6 Memorandum for the Record, Joint Staff Interview of Dr. Jeff Hollingsworth, November 5, 1998.

7 Interview of Tom Dunn by Joint Staff, October 29, 1998.

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 "Practical Parallel Computing (Physics 500)," Lecture Series, University of New Mexico, Fall 1995, Dr. Michael Warren.

11 Memorandum for the Record, Joint Staff Interview of Dr. David Kahaner, October 19, 1998.

12 Interview of Dr. Jack Dongarra, by U.S. General Accounting Office, February 6, 1998.

13 "Practical Parallel Computing (Physics 500)," Lecture Series, University of New Mexico, Fall 1995, Dr. Michael Warren.

14 "Off-the-Shelf Chips Conquer The Heights of Computing," Science, September 8, 1995, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Robert Pool.

15 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

16 Interview of Dr. Jack Dongarra, by U.S. General Accounting Office, February 6, 1998.

17 Memorandum for the Record, Joint Staff, November 2, 1998 DoD HPC briefing.

18 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

19 "Off-the-Shelf Chips Conquer The Heights of Computing", Science, September 8, 1995, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Robert Pool.

20 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

21 "Off-the-Shelf Chips Conquer The Heights of Computing", Science, September 8, 1995, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Robert Pool.

22 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

23 "ASCI Blue Pacific can bring IBM on first position in TOP500", Primeur Analysis, October 28, 1998, Ad Emmen.

24 "Teraflop" is a term used to describe a trillion floating point operations a second. "Terabyte refers to a trillion bytes of data.

25 "ASCI Blue Pacific can bring IBM on first position in "TOP500," Primeur Analysis, October 28, 1998, Ad Emmen.

26 Ibid.

27 "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Presentations on China, Nuclear Weapons and High Performance Computing" September 15, 1998.

28 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

29 Ibid.

30 "Fitting Architecture to Application: Choosing between SMP and RACE," Mercury Computer Systems, Inc., June 17, 1996.

31 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

32 An approximation is that the composite theoretical performance rating in MTOPS is about 75 percent the value in MFLOPS. Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

33 "Off-the-Shelf Chips Conquer The Heights of Computing", Science, September 8, 1995, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Robert Pool.

34 Ibid.

35 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

36 "Fitting Architecture to Application: Choosing between SMP and RACE", Mercury Computer Systems, Inc., June 17, 1996.

37 Defense Intelligence Agency Study, "Distribution of U.S. and Allied High Performance Computers . . . ," November 19, 1998.

38 "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Presentations on China, Nuclear Weapons and High Performance Computing," September 15, 1998.

39 Ibid.

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid.

42 Ibid.

43 Ibid.

44 Ibid..

45 "The Round Table on Computer Performance Metrics for Export Control: Discussions and Results," Institute For Defense Analyses, December 1997.

46 Ibid.

47 Interview of Dr. Jack Dongarra by U.S. General Accounting Office, February 6, 1998.

48 "Off-the-Shelf Chips Conquer The Heights of Computing," Science, September 8, 1995, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Robert Pool.

49 Interview of Dr. Jack Dongarra, by U.S. General Accounting Office, February 6, 1998.

50 "Practical Parallel Computing (Physics 500)," Lecture Series, University of New Mexico, Fall 1995, Dr. Michael Warren.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid.

55 Ibid.

56 Ibid.

57 Ibid.

58 Http://www.phys.unm.edu

59 "Building on the Basics: An Examination of High-Performance Computing Export Control Policy in the 1990s," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

60 "High-Performance Computing Technologies: Where We Are Today," Jack Dongarra, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

61 Ibid.

62 "Off-the-Shelf Chips Conquer The Heights of Computing," Science, September 8, 1995, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Robert Pool.

63 University of Mannheim and Netlib (a repository maintained by Bell Laboratories, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the University of Tennessee to serve the computer community) publish statistics on HPCs to, among other things, provide a better understanding of the HPC market.

64 "Top500 Supercomputer List at Mannheim University and Netlib," "Slides about Top500," November 1998, Netlib.

65 "Off-the-Shelf Chips Conquer The Heights of Computing," Science, September 8, 1995, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Robert Pool.

66 Ibid.

67 "Logic Design for Array-Based Circuits," Dr. Donnamaie E. White, September 11, 1996.

68 "Top500 Supercomputer List at Mannheim University and Netlib," "Slides about Top500," November, 1998, Netlib.

69 "High-Performance Computing, National Security Applications, and Export Control Policy at the Close of the 20th Century," Seymour Goodman, et. al.

70 Ibid.

71 Ibid.

72 Interview of Dr. Jeff Hollingsworth by Joint Staff, November 5, 1998.

73 Ibid.

74 Ibid.

75 Ibid.

Back  |  Forward


COX REPORT

Overview
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

PRC Acquisition of U.S. Technology
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

PRC Theft of U.S. Nuclear Warhead Design Information
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5

High Performance Computers
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10

PRC Missile and Space Forces
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

Satellite Launches in the PRC: Hughes
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

Satellite Launches in the PRC: Loral
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6

Launch Site Security in the PRC
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 5 | 6

Commercial Space Insurance
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

U.S. Export Policy Toward the PRC
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

Manufacturing Processes
pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10

Recommendations
pages 1 | 2 | 3

Appendices
pages introduction | A | B | C | D | E | F



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